Общедоступная
Лицензия GNU (the GNU General Public License) или кратко GPL. GPL
была разработана для проекта GNU ассоциацией Free Software Foundataion.
Она устанавливает некоторые положения относительно распространения
и модификации "свободнораспространяемых программ". В данном
случае "свобода" относится именно к Свободе, а не к стоимости.
GPL всегда был источником недопонимания и мы надеемся, что этот обзор
поможет вам понять цели и задачи GPL и его влияние на Linux.
Первоначально Линус Торвальдс
выпустил Linux под лицензией более ограничивающей, чем GPL, которая
разрешала свободное распространение и модификацию, но запрещала любые
денежные расчеты при передаче и использовании. С другой стороны GPL
позволяет людям продавать и иметь прибыль со свободно распространяемых
программ, но не разрешает ограничивать права других в распространении
этих программ любым образом.
Прежде всего следует объяснить,
что "свободнораспространяемые программы", под лицензией
GPL - это не public domain. Программы public domain - это программы
не защищенные с помощью copyright и, фигурально выражаясь, принадлежат
"почтенной публике" - обществу. Программы, защищаемые GPL,
наоборот, защищают авторские права автора или авторов. Это значит,
что программы защищены стандартными международными законами copyright,
и что автор программ официально обозначен. Так что из факта свободного
распространения программ не следует, что они - public domain.
Программы под лицензией
GPL не являются также shareware. В общем случае программы shareware
принадлежат и копируются автором, а автор требует присылать деньги
за использование программы после ее передачи. А программы под GPL
могут распространяться бесплатно.
GPL также позволяет людям
брать и модифицировать программы, а также распространять свои собственные
версии программ. Однако всякая производная работа, основанная на программах,
защищенных должна быть под защитой GPL. Другими словами, компания
не может, взяв и модифицировав Linux, продавать его под ограничительной
лицензией. Любые программы, производные от, должны быть также защищены
GPL.
GPL позволяет распространять
и использовать программы бесплатно. Однако, она позволяет человеку
или компании распространять программы GPL за деньги и даже получать
прибыль от продажи и распространения. Однако, при продаже программ
под GPL дистрибутор не может лишить таких прав (свободного распространения)
покупателя. То есть, если вы купили где-то программы под GPL, вы можете
их свободно распространять, или сами заняться торговлей ими.
Сначала это может звучать
как противоречие. Как это так, продавать с выгодой для себя программы,
когда GPL позволяет любому иметь их бесплатно? Например, предположим,
что какая-то компания решила собрать большое число свободнораспространяемых
программ на CD-ROM и заняться их распространением. Эта компания должна
вернуть деньги для покрытия расходов на производство и дистрибуцию
CD-ROM, компания может также решить сделать на этих продажах прибыль.
Это разрешается в соответствии с GPL.
Организация, продающая
свободнораспространяемые программы, должна следовать определенным
ограничениям, выдвигаемым GPL. Первое, они не имеют права ограничить
права пользователей, купивших программу. Это значит, что если вы купили
CD-ROM с программами под GPL, вы можете бесплатно их копировать и
свободно распространять этот CD-ROM, или тоже продавать. Второе, дистрибуторы
должны доступным образом доводить до пользователей информацию о том,
что эти программы находятся под защитой GPL. Третье, дистрибуторы
должны поставить бесплатно полный исходный код распространяемых программ.
Это позволит любому, кто купит программы под GPL, модифицировать их.
Ниже приведена полная, оригинальная копия GPL.
GNU
GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
Version 2, June 1991
Copyright (c) 1989, 1991
Free Software Foundation, Inc. 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139,
USA Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of
this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
11.1 Preamble
The licenses for most software
are designed to take away your freedom to share and change it. By
contrast, the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee
your freedom to share and change free software--to make sure the software
is free for all its users. This General Public License applies to
most of the Free Software Foundation's software and to any other program
whose authors commit to using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation
software is covered by the GNU Library General Public License instead.)
You can apply it to your programs, too.
When we speak of free software,
we are referring to freedom, not price. Our General Public Licenses
are designed to make sure that you have the freedom to distribute
copies of free software (and charge for this service if you wish),
that you receive source code or can get it if you want it, that you
can change the software or use pieces of it in new free programs;
and that you know you can do these things.
To protect your rights,
we need to make restrictions that forbid anyone to deny you these
rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. These restrictions translate
to certain responsibilities for you if you distribute copies of the
software, or if you modify it.
For example, if you distribute
copies of such a program, whether gratis or for a fee, you must give
the recipients all the rights that you have. You must make sure that
they, too, receive or can get the source code. And you must show them
these terms so they know their rights.
We protect your rights
with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and (2) offer you this
license which gives you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or
modify the software.
Also, for each author's
protection and ours, we want to make certain that everyone understands
that there is no warranty for this free software. If the software
is modified by someone else and passed on, we want its recipients
to know that what they have is not the original, so that any problems
introduced by others will not reflect on the original authors' reputations.
Finally, any free program
is threatened constantly by software patents. We wish to avoid the
danger that redistributors of a free program will individually obtain
patent licenses, in effect making the program proprietary. To prevent
this, we have made it clear that any patent must be licensed for everyone's
free use or not licensed at all.
The precise terms and conditions
for copying, distribution and modification follow.
11.2 Terms and Conditions
for Copying, Distribution, and Modification
0.
This License applies to
any program or other work which contains a notice placed by the copyright
holder saying it may be distributed under the terms of this General
Public License. The ``Program'', below, refers to any such program
or work, and a ``work based on the Program'' means either the Program
or any derivative work under copyright law: that is to say, a work
containing the Program or a portion of it, either verbatim or with
modifications and/or translated into another language. (Hereinafter,
translation is included without limitation in the term ``modification''.)
Each licensee is addressed as ``you''.
Activities other than copying,
distribution and modification are not covered by this License; they
are outside its scope. The act of running the Program is not restricted,
and the output from the Program is covered only if its contents constitute
a work based on the Program (independent of having been made by running
the Program). Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.
1.
You may copy and distribute
verbatim copies of the Program's source code as you receive it, in
any medium, provided that you conspicuously and appropriately publish
on each copy an appropriate copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty;
keep intact all the notices that refer to this License and to the
absence of any warranty; and give any other recipients of the Program
a copy of this License along with the Program.
You may charge a fee for
the physical act of transferring a copy, and you may at your option
offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.
2.
You may modify your copy
or copies of the Program or any portion of it, thus forming a work
based on the Program, and copy and distribute such modifications or
work under the terms of Section 1 above, provided that you also meet
all of these conditions:
a.
You must cause the modified
files to carry prominent notices stating that you changed the files
and the date of any change.
b.
You must cause any work
that you distribute or publish, that in whole or in part contains
or is derived from the Program or any part thereof, to be licensed
as a whole at no charge to all third parties under the terms of this
License.
c.
If the modified program
normally reads commands interactively when run, you must cause it,
when started running for such interactive use in the most ordinary
way, to print or display an announcement including an appropriate
copyright notice and a notice that there is no warranty (or else,
saying that you provide a warranty) and that users may redistribute
the program under these conditions, and telling the user how to view
a copy of this License. (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive
but does not normally print such an announcement, your work based
on the Program is not required to print an announcement.)
These requirements apply
to the modified work as a whole. If identifiable sections of that
work are not derived from the Program, and can be reasonably considered
independent and separate works in themselves, then this License, and
its terms, do not apply to those sections when you distribute them
as separate works. But when you distribute the same sections as part
of a whole which is a work based on the Program, the distribution
of the whole must be on the terms of this License, whose permissions
for other licensees extend to the entire whole, and thus to each and
every part regardless of who wrote it.
Thus, it is not the intent
of this section to claim rights or contest your rights to work written
entirely by you; rather, the intent is to exercise the right to control
the distribution of derivative or collective works based on the Program.
In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program
with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume
of a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work
under the scope of this License.
3.
You may copy and distribute
the Program (or a work based on it, under Section 2) in object code
or executable form under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above provided
that you also do one of the following:
a.
Accompany it with the complete
corresponding machine-readable source code, which must be distributed
under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily
used for software interchange; or,
b.
Accompany it with a written
offer, valid for at least three years, to give any third party, for
a charge no more than your cost of physically performing source distribution,
a complete machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code,
to be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium
customarily used for software interchange; or,
c.
Accompany it with the information
you received as to the offer to distribute corresponding source code.
(This alternative is allowed only for noncommercial distribution and
only if you received the program in object code or executable form
with such an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)
The source code for a work
means the preferred form of the work for making modifications to it.
For an executable work, complete source code means all the source
code for all modules it contains, plus any associated interface definition
files, plus the scripts used to control compilation and installation
of the executable. However, as a special exception, the source code
distributed need not include anything that is normally distributed
(in either source or binary form) with the major components (compiler,
kernel, and so on) of the operating system on which the executable
runs, unless that component itself accompanies the executable.
If distribution of executable
or object code is made by offering access to copy from a designated
place, then offering equivalent access to copy the source code from
the same place counts as distribution of the source code, even though
third parties are not compelled to copy the source along with the
object code.
4.
You may not copy, modify,
sublicense, or distribute the Program except as expressly provided
under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense
or distribute the Program is void, and will automatically terminate
your rights under this License. However, parties who have received
copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their
licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.
5.
You are not required to
accept this License, since you have not signed it. However, nothing
else grants you permission to modify or distribute the Program or
its derivative works. These actions are prohibited by law if you do
not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or distributing the
Program (or any work based on the Program), you indicate your acceptance
of this License to do so, and all its terms and conditions for copying,
distributing or modifying the Program or works based on it.
6.
Each time you redistribute
the Program (or any work based on the Program), the recipient automatically
receives a license from the original licensor to copy, distribute
or modify the Program subject to these terms and conditions. You may
not impose any further restrictions on the recipients' exercise of
the rights granted herein. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance
by third parties to this License.
7.
If, as a consequence of
a court judgment or allegation of patent infringement or for any other
reason (not limited to patent issues), conditions are imposed on you
(whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) that contradict the
conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from the conditions
of this License. If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously
your obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations,
then as a consequence you may not distribute the Program at all. For
example, if a patent license would not permit royalty-free redistribution
of the Program by all those who receive copies directly or indirectly
through you, then the only way you could satisfy both it and this
License would be to refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.
If any portion of this
section is held invalid or unenforceable under any particular circumstance,
the balance of the section is intended to apply and the section as
a whole is intended to apply in other circumstances.
It is not the purpose of
this section to induce you to infringe any patents or other property
right claims or to contest validity of any such claims; this section
has the sole purpose of protecting the integrity of the free software
distribution system, which is implemented by public license practices.
Many people have made generous contributions to the wide range of
software distributed through that system in reliance on consistent
application of that system; it is up to the author/donor to decide
if he or she is willing to distribute software through any other system
and a licensee cannot impose that choice.
This section is intended
to make thoroughly clear what is believed to be a consequence of the
rest of this License.
8.
If the distribution and/or
use of the Program is restricted in certain countries either by patents
or by copyrighted interfaces, the original copyright holder who places
the Program under this License may add an explicit geographical distribution
limitation excluding those countries, so that distribution is permitted
only in or among countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License
incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of this License.
9.
The Free Software Foundation
may publish revised and/or new versions of the General Public License
from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to
the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems
or concerns.
Each version is given a
distinguishing version number. If the Program specifies a version
number of this License which applies to it and ``any later version'',
you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of
that version or of any later version published by the Free Software
Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of this
License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software
Foundation.
10.
If you wish to incorporate
parts of the Program into other free programs whose distribution conditions
are different, write to the author to ask for permission. For software
which is copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation, write to the
Free Software Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this. Our
decision will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status
of all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing
and reuse of software generally.
NO WARRANTY
11.
BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS
LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO
THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED
IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE
PROGRAM ``AS IS'' WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK
AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD
THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY
SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
12.
IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED
BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER,
OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM
AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL,
SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE
OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS
OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU
OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER
PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF
THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
11.3 How to Apply These
Terms to Your New Programs
If you develop a new program,
and you want it to be of the greatest possible use to the public,
the best way to achieve this is to make it free software which everyone
can redistribute and change under these terms.
To do so, attach the following
notices to the program. It is safest to attach them to the start of
each source file to most effectively convey the exclusion of warranty;
and each file should have at least the ``copyright'' line and a pointer
to where the full notice is found.
<one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what
it does.> Copyright cO19yy <name of author>
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of
the License, or (at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be
useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
License along with this program; if not, write to the Free
Software Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139,
USA.
Also add information on
how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
If the program is interactive,
make it output a short notice like this when it starts in an interactive
mode:
Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 19yy name of author
Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details
type `show w'. This is free software, and you are welcome
to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c' for
details.
The hypothetical commands
`show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate parts of the General
Public License. Of course, the commands you use may be called something
other than `show w' and `show c'; they could even be mouse-clicks
or menu items--whatever suits your program.
You should also get your
employer (if you work as a programmer) or your school, if any, to
sign a ``copyright disclaimer'' for the program, if necessary. Here
is a sample; alter the names:
Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in
the program `Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers)
written by James Hacker.
<signature of Ty Coon>, 1 April 1989
Ty Coon, President of Vice
This General Public License
does not permit incorporating your program into proprietary programs.
If your program is a subroutine library, you may consider it more
useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the library.
If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General Public
License instead of this License.
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